计算机辅助诊断（CAD）系统可以为皮肤病的临床诊断提供参考。卷积神经网络（CNN）不仅可以提取视觉元素，例如颜色和形状，而且还可以提取语义特征。因此，他们在皮肤镜检查图像的许多任务中取得了重大改进。皮肤镜检查的成像没有主要方向，表明数据集中有大量的皮肤病变靶旋转。然而，CNN缺乏抗旋转能力，这必然会影响CNN的特征提取能力。我们提出了一个旋转平均值（RM）网络，以从皮肤镜图像中提取旋转不变性特征。在RM中，每组旋转的特征地图对应于一组重量共享卷积输出，并使用MeanOut操作融合以获取最终特征图。通过理论推导，提出的RM网络是旋转等值的，并且在全球平均池（GAP）操作之后，可以提取旋转不变的特征。提取的旋转不变特征可以更好地代表皮肤镜图像的分类和检索任务中的原始数据。提出的RM是一般操作，它不会改变网络结构或增加任何参数，并且可以灵活地嵌入CNN的任何部分。大量实验是在皮肤镜检查图像数据集上进行的。结果表明，我们的方法优于其他抗旋转方法，并在皮肤镜检查图像分类和检索任务方面取得了重大改进，表明在皮肤镜图像领域旋转不变性的潜力。

变压器已被广泛用于整个幻灯片图像（WSI）分类，以进行肿瘤分级，预后分析等。然而，在公共变压器中，在令牌上的自我注意和位置嵌入策略的设计限制了有效性和效率在Gigapixel组织病理学图像的应用中。在本文中，我们提出了一个用于组织病理学WSI分类的内核注意变压器（KAT）。代币的信息传输是通过令牌与与WSI上一组位置锚有关的一组内核之间的交叉注意来实现的。与共同的变压器结构相比，提出的KAT可以更好地描述WSI局部区域的层次上下文信息，同时保持较低的计算复杂性。在具有2040 WSI的胃数据集和具有2560 WSIS的子宫内膜数据集上评估了该方法，并与6种最先进的方法进行了比较。实验结果表明，所提出的KAT在组织病理学WSI分类的任务中有效有效，并且优于最新方法。该代码可在https://github.com/zhengyushan/kat上找到。

局部表示学习是促进组织病理学整体幻灯片图像分析的性能的关键挑战。先前的表示学习方法遵循监督学习范式。但是，大规模WSIS的手动注释是耗时且劳动力密集的。因此，自我监督的对比学习最近引起了密集的关注。目前的对比学习方法将每个样本视为一个类别，这遭受了类碰撞问题，尤其是在组织病理学图像分析的领域。在本文中，我们提出了一个新颖的对比表示学习框架，称为病变感染对比学习（LACL），用于组织病理学整个幻灯片图像分析。我们基于内存库结构建立了病变队列，以存储不同类别WSIS的表示形式，这使对比模型可以在训练过程中选择性定义负面对。此外，我们设计了一个队列改进策略，以净化病变队列中存储的表示形式。实验结果表明，LACL在不同数据集上学习在组织病理学图像表示学习中的最佳性能，并且在不同的WSI分类基准下的最先进方法优于最先进的方法。该代码可在https://github.com/junl21/lacl上获得。

Driven by improved architectures and better representation learning frameworks, the field of visual recognition has enjoyed rapid modernization and performance boost in the early 2020s. For example, modern ConvNets, represented by ConvNeXt, have demonstrated strong performance in various scenarios. While these models were originally designed for supervised learning with ImageNet labels, they can also potentially benefit from self-supervised learning techniques such as masked autoencoders (MAE). However, we found that simply combining these two approaches leads to subpar performance. In this paper, we propose a fully convolutional masked autoencoder framework and a new Global Response Normalization (GRN) layer that can be added to the ConvNeXt architecture to enhance inter-channel feature competition. This co-design of self-supervised learning techniques and architectural improvement results in a new model family called ConvNeXt V2, which significantly improves the performance of pure ConvNets on various recognition benchmarks, including ImageNet classification, COCO detection, and ADE20K segmentation. We also provide pre-trained ConvNeXt V2 models of various sizes, ranging from an efficient 3.7M-parameter Atto model with 76.7% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet, to a 650M Huge model that achieves a state-of-the-art 88.9% accuracy using only public training data.

A step-search sequential quadratic programming method is proposed for solving nonlinear equality constrained stochastic optimization problems. It is assumed that constraint function values and derivatives are available, but only stochastic approximations of the objective function and its associated derivatives can be computed via inexact probabilistic zeroth- and first-order oracles. Under reasonable assumptions, a high-probability bound on the iteration complexity of the algorithm to approximate first-order stationarity is derived. Numerical results on standard nonlinear optimization test problems illustrate the advantages and limitations of our proposed method.

Masked image modeling (MIM) has shown great promise for self-supervised learning (SSL) yet been criticized for learning inefficiency. We believe the insufficient utilization of training signals should be responsible. To alleviate this issue, we introduce a conceptually simple yet learning-efficient MIM training scheme, termed Disjoint Masking with Joint Distillation (DMJD). For disjoint masking (DM), we sequentially sample multiple masked views per image in a mini-batch with the disjoint regulation to raise the usage of tokens for reconstruction in each image while keeping the masking rate of each view. For joint distillation (JD), we adopt a dual branch architecture to respectively predict invisible (masked) and visible (unmasked) tokens with superior learning targets. Rooting in orthogonal perspectives for training efficiency improvement, DM and JD cooperatively accelerate the training convergence yet not sacrificing the model generalization ability. Concretely, DM can train ViT with half of the effective training epochs (3.7 times less time-consuming) to report competitive performance. With JD, our DMJD clearly improves the linear probing classification accuracy over ConvMAE by 5.8%. On fine-grained downstream tasks like semantic segmentation, object detection, etc., our DMJD also presents superior generalization compared with state-of-the-art SSL methods. The code and model will be made public at https://github.com/mx-mark/DMJD.

Considering the computation complexity, we propose a Guided Hybrid Quantization with One-to-one Self-Teaching (GHOST}) framework. More concretely, we first design a structure called guided quantization self-distillation (GQSD), which is an innovative idea for realizing lightweight through the synergy of quantization and distillation. The training process of the quantization model is guided by its full-precision model, which is time-saving and cost-saving without preparing a huge pre-trained model in advance. Second, we put forward a hybrid quantization (HQ) module to obtain the optimal bit width automatically under a constrained condition where a threshold for distribution distance between the center and samples is applied in the weight value search space. Third, in order to improve information transformation, we propose a one-to-one self-teaching (OST) module to give the student network a ability of self-judgment. A switch control machine (SCM) builds a bridge between the student network and teacher network in the same location to help the teacher to reduce wrong guidance and impart vital knowledge to the student. This distillation method allows a model to learn from itself and gain substantial improvement without any additional supervision. Extensive experiments on a multimodal dataset (VEDAI) and single-modality datasets (DOTA, NWPU, and DIOR) show that object detection based on GHOST outperforms the existing detectors. The tiny parameters (<9.7 MB) and Bit-Operations (BOPs) (<2158 G) compared with any remote sensing-based, lightweight or distillation-based algorithms demonstrate the superiority in the lightweight design domain. Our code and model will be released at https://github.com/icey-zhang/GHOST.

Automatic font generation without human experts is a practical and significant problem, especially for some languages that consist of a large number of characters. Existing methods for font generation are often in supervised learning. They require a large number of paired data, which are labor-intensive and expensive to collect. In contrast, common unsupervised image-to-image translation methods are not applicable to font generation, as they often define style as the set of textures and colors. In this work, we propose a robust deformable generative network for unsupervised font generation (abbreviated as DGFont++). We introduce a feature deformation skip connection (FDSC) to learn local patterns and geometric transformations between fonts. The FDSC predicts pairs of displacement maps and employs the predicted maps to apply deformable convolution to the low-level content feature maps. The outputs of FDSC are fed into a mixer to generate final results. Moreover, we introduce contrastive self-supervised learning to learn a robust style representation for fonts by understanding the similarity and dissimilarities of fonts. To distinguish different styles, we train our model with a multi-task discriminator, which ensures that each style can be discriminated independently. In addition to adversarial loss, another two reconstruction losses are adopted to constrain the domain-invariant characteristics between generated images and content images. Taking advantage of FDSC and the adopted loss functions, our model is able to maintain spatial information and generates high-quality character images in an unsupervised manner. Experiments demonstrate that our model is able to generate character images of higher quality than state-of-the-art methods.

Gaze estimation is the fundamental basis for many visual tasks. Yet, the high cost of acquiring gaze datasets with 3D annotations hinders the optimization and application of gaze estimation models. In this work, we propose a novel Head-Eye redirection parametric model based on Neural Radiance Field, which allows dense gaze data generation with view consistency and accurate gaze direction. Moreover, our head-eye redirection parametric model can decouple the face and eyes for separate neural rendering, so it can achieve the purpose of separately controlling the attributes of the face, identity, illumination, and eye gaze direction. Thus diverse 3D-aware gaze datasets could be obtained by manipulating the latent code belonging to different face attributions in an unsupervised manner. Extensive experiments on several benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in domain generalization and domain adaptation for gaze estimation tasks.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss in the world, and early DR detection is necessary to prevent vision loss and support an appropriate treatment. In this work, we leverage interactive machine learning and introduce a joint learning framework, termed DRG-Net, to effectively learn both disease grading and multi-lesion segmentation. Our DRG-Net consists of two modules: (i) DRG-AI-System to classify DR Grading, localize lesion areas, and provide visual explanations; (ii) DRG-Expert-Interaction to receive feedback from user-expert and improve the DRG-AI-System. To deal with sparse data, we utilize transfer learning mechanisms to extract invariant feature representations by using Wasserstein distance and adversarial learning-based entropy minimization. Besides, we propose a novel attention strategy at both low- and high-level features to automatically select the most significant lesion information and provide explainable properties. In terms of human interaction, we further develop DRG-Net as a tool that enables expert users to correct the system's predictions, which may then be used to update the system as a whole. Moreover, thanks to the attention mechanism and loss functions constraint between lesion features and classification features, our approach can be robust given a certain level of noise in the feedback of users. We have benchmarked DRG-Net on the two largest DR datasets, i.e., IDRID and FGADR, and compared it to various state-of-the-art deep learning networks. In addition to outperforming other SOTA approaches, DRG-Net is effectively updated using user feedback, even in a weakly-supervised manner.